Extinctions: Past, Present & Future
Extinction is one of the hottest topics in contemporary society, politics and science; and one of the most misunderstood. Current surveys suggest that some 1.3 million named species are known to exist on Earth with an estimated total diversity of over 8 million. In addition to maintaining themselves in the face of natural short-term and long-term environmental changes, these species must now cope with changes to their local environments, and to the global climate, that have come about as a result of the presence and activities of human societies. Without doubt the extinction of many species has taken place as a result of this activity. Moreover, species extinctions represent serious social and economic threats because human societies depend on the existence of life to provide many services that cannot be provided by non-natural processes.
However extinction is not a completely negative aspect of the natural world. Extinction is a natural process that has existed for literally billions of years. Not only is extinction predicted by evolutionary theory, it plays a key role in promoting biological diversification. Indeed, few of the animals, plants and microorganisms conservationists wish to protect would exist if it were not for the influence past extinctions have had on evolutionary processes. What is the history of extinction? When and why did major extinction events happen in the Earth’s past? What can the study of extinction reveal about how our planet achieved its current physical, climatic and biological states? And how can past extinctions guide us in formulating a pragmatic response to our contemporary climate-change situation?
These, along with many other aspects of this fascinating subject, will serve as the focus of this course which will equip students to think critically about this topic and its relation to many pressing contemporary issues (e.g., climate change, conservation, economic development, pollution). The course is taught by Prof. Norman MacLeod who has been involved directly in extinction-related research for over 30 years and who has authored or co-authored many peer-reviewed technical reports and reviews of extinction research, along with several major books on the subject, including The Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinction: Biotic and Environmental Changes (1986, w/ Prof. G. Keller), Extinctions, Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Second Edition (2 volumes, 2013), The Great Extinctions: What Causes Them and How They Shape Life (2013).
Sylabus
Week 1 - Introduction to Extinction
Week 2 - History of Extinction Studies
Week 3 - Evolution, Fossils, Time & Extinction
Week 4 - Origin of Life & Precambrian Extinctions
Week 5 - The Early Paleozoic World & Early-Paleozoic Extinctions
Week 6 - The Middle Paleozoic World & Middle-Paleozoic Extinctions
Week 7 - The Late Paleozoic World & Late-Paleozoic Extinctions
Week 8 - The Triassic-Jurassic World & Triassic-Jurassic Extinctions
Week 9 - Mid-Term Examination
Week 10 - The Cretaceous World & Cretaceous Extinctions
Week 11 - The Paleogene World & Paleogene Extinctions
Week 12 - The Neogene World & Neogene Extinctions
Week 13 - Quaternary Extinctions
Week 14 - The Recent World: Floras, Faunas & Environment
Week 15 - The Recent World: Habitats & Organisms
Week 16 - Recent Extinctions
Week 17 - Final Examination
Resources
MacLeod, N., J. D. Archibald, and P. Levins. 2013: Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia: Extinctions, Second Edition (2 volumes). Gale-Cengage, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 962 p.
MacLeod, N. 2013: The great extinctions: what causes them and how they shape life. The Natural History Museum, London, 208 p.
MacLeod, N. 2014: The geological extinction record: history, data, biases, and testing. Special Paper of the Geological Society of America 505:1–28.
